computer lingo
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TERM DEFINITION (from wikipedia.org) WHY (from Rick)
benchmark In computing, a benchmark is the result of running a computer program, or a set of programs, in order to assess the relative performance of an object, by running a number of standard tests and trials against it. The term, benchmark, is also commonly used for specially-designed benchmarking programs themselves. Benchmarking is usually associated with assessing performance characteristics of computer hardware, for example, the floating point operation performance of a CPU, but there are circumstances when the technique is also applicable to software. Advanced concept, refer to cpu below...
bit A bit refers to a digit in the binary numeral system (base 2). For example, the number 1001011 is 7 bits long. The unit is sometimes abbreviated to b (but see below).

Binary digits are almost always used as the basic unit of information storage and communication in digital computing and digital information theory.

In the computer world, just about everything is specified in bits and bytes. For instance, hard drive size, file size, memory size, etc.

More fundamentally, it turns out that it's easy to design and build electronic circuitry that is either in a fully on or fully off state, which leads naturally to a base 2 numbering system - 0's and 1's.

browser

(aka web browser)

A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web. Text and images on a web page can contain hyperlinks to other web pages at the same or different websites. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many web pages at many websites by traversing these links. Popular browsers available for personal computers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Netscape, Apple Safari and Konqueror. When most people interact with the Internet, they do it by means of a web browser, so it's useful to know what it is and what does for a couple of reasons:
  1. To be able to manage your online experience. For instance, knowing the difference between opening multiple instances of a browser or using tabbed browsing.
  2. A browser is a primary mechanism for access to your PC by hackers, so it's good to know that you're using a browser and to take security measures accordingly.
byte A byte is commonly used as a unit of storage measurement in computers, regardless of the type of data being stored. It is also one of the basic integral data types in many programming languages.

The word "byte" has several closely-related meanings:

  1. A contiguous sequence of a fixed number of bits (binary digits). In recent years, the use of a byte to mean 8 bits is nearly ubiquitous.
  2. To see more definitions, click on the hyperlink to the left...
When you buy that new 500 GigaByte disk drive, and after installing it you find it has less than 500 GB available, check the fine print and find that the HDD manufacturers are now selling based on base 10 Giga (1,000,000,000 bytes) rather than base 2 Giga (1,073,741,824 bytes), which is how your PC computes available storage.

I call this a 7.4% misrepresentation...

cpu A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer that interprets instructions and processes data contained in software. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of programmability, and are one of the core components found in almost all modern microcomputers, along with primary storage and input/output facilities. Everything you do on your PC / MAC / WebTV / etc depends on a CPU. Broadly speaking, the higher the number of MHz or GHz that your CPU runs at, the faster your computer.

Specifically speaking, the best way to understand the potential speed of a CPU is to look at the results from a group of relevant (to your usage) benchmarks.

client/server Client/Server is a network architecture which separates the client (often a graphical user interface) from the server. Each instance of the client software can send requests to a server or application server.

Although this idea is applied in a variety of ways, on many different kinds of applications, the easiest example to visualize is the current use of web pages on the internet. For example, if you are reading this article on Wikipedia, your computer and web browser would be considered a client, and the computers , databases, and applications that make up the Wikipedia would be considered the server. When your web browser requests a particular article from Wikipedia, the Wikipedia server finds all of the information required to display the article in the Wikipedia database, assembles it into a web page, and sends it back to your web browser for you to look at.

If you are reading this article at www.spanel.com, your computer and browser are the client and the server hosting spanel.com is the server.
driver A device driver, often called a driver for short, is a computer program that enables another program, typically an operating system (OS), to interact with a hardware device.

The key design goal of device drivers is abstraction. Every model of hardware (even within the same class of device) is different. Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently.

Computers and their operating systems cannot be expected to know how to control every device, both now and in the future. To solve this problem, OSes essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled. The function of the device driver is then to translate these OS mandated function calls into device specific calls.

A driver is a piece of software (aka firmware) that interfaces between Windows and the hardware on a particular card. The interface to Windows is standard. The interface to hardware is wide open - so in the system the "driver" acts as a translator.

An analogy would be if you only spoke English and wanted to talk to someone who spoke Spanish - you'd need a Spanish "driver" (interpreter). Or to talk to a teenager, you might need a TeenSpeak "driver" - ha ha.

http:// HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the primary method used to transfer or convey information on the World Wide Web. The original purpose was to provide a way to publish and receive HTML pages.

HTTP is a request/response protocol between clients and servers. An HTTP client, such as a web browser, typically initiates a request...

https:// A secure version of http. You should look for https:// a the beginning of the URL in your browser address before divulging any critical financial or personal information.
hyperlink A hyperlink, or simply a link, is a reference in a hypertext document to another document or other resource. As such it is similar to a citation in literature. Combined with a data network and suitable access protocol, a computer can be instructed to fetch the resource referenced.

Hyperlinks are part of the foundation of the World Wide Web created by Tim Berners-Lee.

There are a number of ways to format and present hyperlinks on a web page. An embedded link is one of the more common formats: one or more words of distinctively styled text. The ninth word of this sentence is an example of an embedded link.

hypertext In computing, hypertext is a user interface paradigm for displaying documents which, according to an early definition (Nelson 1970), "branch or perform on request." The most frequently discussed form of hypertext document contains automated cross-references to other documents called hyperlinks. Selecting a hyperlink causes the computer to display the linked document within a very short period of time.
malware Malware (a portmanteau of "malicious software") is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system, without the owner's consent. The term describes the intent of the creator, rather than any particular features. Malware is commonly taken to include computer viruses, Trojan horses, and spyware. In law, malware is sometimes known as a computer contaminant, for instance in the legal codes of California, Virginia, and several other U.S. states [1]. Malware is sometimes pejoratively called scumware.

Malware should not be confused with defective software, that is, software which has a legitimate purpose but contains errors or bugs.

memory The term computer memory refers to the parts of a digital computer which retain physical state (data) for some interval of time.

In its most common usage, "memory" refers to very fast storage which does not retain its stored data when the power is turned off. Compare this to "storage", such as hard drive space, which is slow but keeps its data even without power. An analogy is to think of the storage as human memory, with the hard disk as long-term memory, and the memory as short-term memory.

Stretching the analogy, the more short-term memory available, the more different things you can be doing at once and the faster you can do them.
pixel A pixel (pix, 1932 abbreviation of pictures, coined by Variety headline writers + element) is one of the many tiny dots that make up the representation of a picture in a computer's memory. Each such information element is not really a dot, nor a square, but an abstract sample. With care, pixels in an image can be reproduced at any size without the appearance of visible dots or squares; but in many contexts, they are reproduced as dots or squares and can be visibly distinct when not fine enough. The intensity of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically three or four dimensions of variability such and Red, Green and Blue, or Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black. Because you're likely to already own or will own a digital camera and the relative number of pixels in the sensor element is a critical (but not the only) measure of the resulting picture quality.
resolution Image resolution describes the detail an image holds. It has three different meanings: spatial resolution, dynamic range, and chroma sampling.

When the meaning is spatial resolution, it refers to the amount of spatial detail in the image. The term is often used in relation to digital images, but is also used to describe how much detail can be recorded on photographic film on analog videotape, by an eye, etc. Higher resolution means more image detail, i.e. small details are apparent.

When the meaning is dynamic range, it refers to the amount of contrast available in each pixel. Dynamic range capability is limited by both capture and display capability in terms of the contrast range.

In color digital systems, the luminance and chrominance may be sampled at different intervals. Greater chroma subsampling gives rise to greater spatial resolution when color is a discriminator.

One of the main concerns in digital (or film) photography. In film photography, as the film speed goes up, so does the grain size, resulting in "grainy" pictures with high speed film.

See the picture(s) below this table.

spyware In the field of computing, the term spyware refers to a broad category of malicious software designed to intercept or take partial control of a computer's operation without the informed consent of that machine's owner or legitimate user. While the term taken literally suggests software that surreptitiously monitors the user, it has come to refer more broadly to software that subverts the computer's operation for the benefit of a third party.

Spyware differs from viruses and worms in that it does not usually self-replicate. Like many recent viruses, however, spyware – by design – exploits infected computers for commercial gain.

virus In computer security technology, a virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. A computer virus behaves in a way similar to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. Extending the analogy, the insertion of a virus into the program is termed as an infection, and the infected file (or executable code that is not part of a file) is called a host.

Viruses are one of the several types of malicious software or malware. In a common parlance, the term virus is often extended to refer to worms, trojan horses and other sorts of malware; however, this can confuse computer users, since viruses in the narrow sense of the word are less common than they used to be, compared to other forms of malware. This confusion can have serious consequences, because it may lead to a focus on preventing one genre of malware over another, potentially leaving computers vulnerable to future damage. However, a basic rule is that computer viruses cannot directly damage hardware, but only software. An example of an indirect damage of the hardware is the overheating of the CPU, caused by an overclock or by stopping the cooling fans.

Demonstration of image spatial resolution. As the number of pixels in the square rises, the "sharpness" of the image also rises.

Demonstration of dynamic range resolution. One of the main issues with compact digital cameras. One solution is to bracket the exposure and use Photoshop CS2 to create a "high dynamic range" composite.