| TERM |
DEFINITION (from wikipedia.org) |
WHY (from Rick) |
| benchmark |
In computing,
a benchmark is the result of running a computer
program, or a set of programs, in order to assess the relative
performance of an object, by running a number of standard tests and trials
against it. The term, benchmark, is also commonly used for
specially-designed benchmarking programs themselves. Benchmarking is
usually associated with assessing performance characteristics of computer
hardware, for example, the floating point operation performance of a CPU,
but there are circumstances when the technique is also applicable to
software. |
Advanced concept, refer to cpu below... |
| bit |
A bit refers to a digit
in the binary
numeral system (base
2). For example, the number 1001011 is 7 bits long. The unit is sometimes
abbreviated to b (but see below).
Binary digits are almost always used as the basic unit of information
storage
and communication
in digital computing
and digital information
theory. |
In the computer world, just about everything is
specified in bits and bytes. For instance, hard drive size, file size,
memory size, etc.
More fundamentally, it turns out that it's easy to design and build
electronic circuitry that is either in a fully on or fully off state,
which leads naturally to a base 2 numbering system - 0's and 1's. |
| browser
(aka web browser) |
A web browser is a software
application that enables a user to display and interact with text,
images, and other information typically located on a web
page at a website
on the World
Wide Web. Text and images on a web page can contain hyperlinks
to other web pages at the same or different websites. Web browsers allow a
user to quickly and easily access information provided on many web pages
at many websites by traversing these links. Popular browsers available for
personal
computers include Microsoft
Internet
Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox,
Opera,
Netscape,
Apple
Safari
and Konqueror. |
When most people interact with the Internet,
they do it by means of a web browser, so it's useful to know what it is
and what does for a couple of reasons:
- To be able to manage your online experience. For instance, knowing
the difference between opening multiple instances of a browser or
using tabbed browsing.
- A browser is a primary mechanism for access to your PC by hackers,
so it's good to know that you're using a browser and to take security
measures accordingly.
|
| byte |
A byte is commonly used as a unit of
storage measurement in
computers,
regardless of the type of data being stored. It is also one of the basic
integral data types in many
programming languages. The word "byte" has several closely-related
meanings:
- A contiguous sequence of a fixed number of
bits (binary
digits). In recent years, the use of a byte to mean 8 bits is nearly
ubiquitous.
- To see more definitions, click on the hyperlink to the left...
|
When you buy that new 500 GigaByte disk drive,
and after installing it you find it has less than 500 GB available, check
the fine print and find that the HDD manufacturers are now selling based on
base 10 Giga (1,000,000,000 bytes) rather than base 2 Giga (1,073,741,824
bytes), which is how your PC computes available storage. I call this a
7.4% misrepresentation... |
| cpu |
A central processing unit (CPU),
or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital
computer that interprets instructions and processes data contained in software.
CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of programmability,
and are one of the core components found in almost all modern microcomputers,
along with primary
storage and input/output
facilities. |
Everything you do on your PC / MAC / WebTV /
etc depends on a CPU. Broadly speaking, the higher the number of MHz or
GHz that your CPU runs at, the faster your computer.
Specifically speaking, the best way to understand the potential speed
of a CPU is to look at the results from a group of relevant (to your
usage) benchmarks. |
| client/server |
Client/Server is a network
architecture which separates the client
(often a graphical
user interface) from the server.
Each instance of the client software can send requests to a server or application
server.
Although this idea is applied in a variety of ways, on many different
kinds of applications,
the easiest example to visualize is the current use of web pages on the
internet. For example, if you are reading this article on Wikipedia, your computer
and web
browser would be considered a client, and the computers , databases,
and applications that make up the Wikipedia would be considered the server.
When your web browser requests a particular article from Wikipedia, the
Wikipedia server finds all of the information required to display the
article in the Wikipedia database, assembles it into a web page, and sends
it back to your web browser for you to look at. |
If you are reading this article at www.spanel.com,
your computer and browser are the client and the server hosting spanel.com
is the server. |
|
driver |
A device driver, often called a
driver for short, is a
computer program that enables another program, typically an
operating system (OS), to interact with a
hardware device. The key design goal of device drivers is
abstraction. Every model of hardware (even within the same class of
device) is different. Newer models also are released by manufacturers that
provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often
controlled differently.
Computers and their operating systems cannot be expected to know how to
control every device, both now and in the future. To solve this problem,
OSes essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled. The
function of the device driver is then to translate these OS mandated
function calls into device specific calls. |
A driver is a piece of software (aka firmware)
that interfaces between Windows and the hardware on a particular card. The
interface to Windows is standard. The interface to hardware is wide open -
so in the system the "driver" acts as a translator. An analogy would be if
you only spoke English and wanted to talk to someone who spoke Spanish -
you'd need a Spanish "driver" (interpreter). Or to talk to a teenager, you
might need a TeenSpeak "driver" - ha ha. |
| http:// |
HyperText
Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) is the primary method used to transfer or convey information
on the World
Wide Web. The original purpose was to provide a way to publish and
receive HTML
pages.
HTTP is a request/response protocol between clients and servers. An
HTTP client, such as a web
browser, typically initiates a request... |
|
| https:// |
|
A secure version of http. You should look for
https:// a the beginning of the URL in your browser address before
divulging any critical financial or personal information. |
| hyperlink |
A hyperlink, or simply a link, is
a reference
in a hypertext
document
to another document or other resource.
As such it is similar to a citation
in literature.
Combined with a data
network
and suitable access protocol,
a computer can be instructed to fetch the resource referenced.
Hyperlinks are part of the foundation of the World
Wide Web created by Tim
Berners-Lee.
There are a number of ways to format and present hyperlinks on a web
page. An embedded link is one of the more common formats: one or
more words of distinctively styled text. The ninth word of this sentence
is an example
of an embedded link. |
|
|
hypertext |
In
computing,
hypertext is a
user interface
paradigm
for displaying
documents
which, according to an early definition (Nelson 1970), "branch or perform on
request." The most frequently discussed form of hypertext document contains
automated
cross-references to other documents called
hyperlinks. Selecting a
hyperlink
causes the computer to display the linked document within a very short
period of time. |
|
|
malware |
Malware (a
portmanteau of "malicious
software")
is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system, without the
owner's consent. The term describes the intent of the creator, rather than
any particular features. Malware is commonly taken to include
computer viruses,
Trojan horses, and
spyware.
In law, malware
is sometimes known as a computer contaminant, for instance in the
legal codes of
California,
Virginia,
and several other
U.S. states
[1]. Malware is sometimes pejoratively called
scumware.
Malware should not be confused with defective software, that is, software
which has a legitimate purpose but contains errors or
bugs. |
|
| memory |
The term computer memory refers to the
parts of a digital
computer
which retain physical state (data)
for some interval of time.
In its most common usage, "memory" refers to very fast
storage which does not retain its stored data when the power is turned
off. Compare this to "storage", such as hard
drive space, which is slow but keeps its data even without power. An
analogy is to think of the storage as human memory, with the hard disk as long-term
memory, and the memory as short-term
memory. |
Stretching the analogy, the more short-term
memory available, the more different things you can be doing at once and
the faster you can do them. |
| pixel |
A pixel (pix, 1932
abbreviation of pictures, coined by Variety
headline writers + element) is one of the many tiny dots
that make up the representation
of a picture
in a computer's
memory. Each such information element is not really a dot, nor a square,
but an abstract sample.
With care, pixels in an image can be reproduced at any size without the
appearance of visible dots or squares; but in many contexts, they are
reproduced as dots or squares and can be visibly distinct when not fine
enough. The intensity
of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically
three or four dimensions of variability such and Red, Green and Blue, or
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black. |
Because you're likely to already own or will own a
digital camera and the relative number of pixels in the sensor element is
a critical (but not the only) measure of the resulting
picture quality. |
|
resolution |
Image resolution describes the detail an
image holds. It has three different meanings: spatial resolution, dynamic
range, and chroma sampling. When the meaning is spatial
resolution, it refers to the amount of spatial detail in the image. The term
is often used in relation to digital images, but is also used to describe
how much detail can be recorded on
photographic film on analog videotape, by an eye, etc. Higher resolution
means more image detail, i.e. small details are apparent.
When the meaning is dynamic range, it refers to the amount of
contrast available in each pixel. Dynamic range capability is limited by
both capture and display capability in terms of the contrast range.
In color digital systems, the
luminance and
chrominance may be sampled at different intervals. Greater chroma
subsampling gives rise to greater spatial resolution when color is a
discriminator. |
One of the main concerns in digital (or film)
photography. In film photography, as the film speed goes up, so does the
grain size, resulting in "grainy" pictures with high speed film. See the
picture(s) below this table. |
|
spyware |
In the field of
computing,
the term spyware refers to a broad category of
malicious
software designed to intercept or take partial control of a
computer's
operation without the
informed consent of that machine's owner or legitimate user. While the
term taken literally suggests software that surreptitiously monitors the
user, it has come to refer more broadly to software that subverts the
computer's operation for the benefit of a third party. Spyware differs
from
viruses and
worms in that it does not usually self-replicate. Like
many recent viruses, however, spyware – by design – exploits infected
computers for commercial gain. |
|
|
virus |
In
computer security technology, a virus is a self-replicating
program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other
executable code or documents. A computer virus behaves in a way similar
to a biological
virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. Extending
the analogy, the insertion of a virus into the program is termed as an
infection, and the infected file (or executable code that is not part of
a file) is called a host.
Viruses are one of the several types of malicious software or
malware.
In a common parlance, the term virus is often extended to refer to
worms,
trojan horses and other sorts of malware; however, this can confuse
computer users, since viruses in the narrow sense of the word are less
common than they used to be, compared to other forms of malware. This
confusion can have serious consequences, because it may lead to a focus on
preventing one genre of malware over another, potentially leaving computers
vulnerable to future damage. However, a basic rule is that computer viruses
cannot directly damage hardware, but only software. An example of an
indirect damage of the hardware is the overheating of the
CPU, caused by an
overclock
or by stopping the cooling fans. |
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Demonstration of image spatial resolution. As the number of pixels in the square
rises, the "sharpness" of the image also rises.

Demonstration of dynamic range resolution. One of the main
issues with compact digital cameras. One solution is to bracket the exposure and
use Photoshop CS2 to create a "high
dynamic range" composite.
 |